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Django | django通用视图

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  • 使用django通用视图简化代码

使用django开发网站的常见情况是根据 URL 中的参数从数据库中获取数据、载入模板文件然后返回渲染后的模板。 由于这种情况特别常见，Django 提供一种快捷方式，叫做 通用视图系统。

1.修改[app_name]/urls.py中的URLconf

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from django.urls import path

from . import views

app_name = "[app_name]"
urlpatterns = [
    path("", views.IndexView.as_view(), name="index"),
    # ex: /[app_name]/1/
    path("<int:pk>/", views.DetailView.as_view(), name="detail"),
    # ex: /[app_name]/1/results/
    path("<int:pk>/results/", views.ResultsView.as_view(), name="results"),
    # ex: /[app_name]/1/vote/
    path("<int:question_id>/vote/", views.vote, name="vote"),
]

2.使用通用视图

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from django.db.models import F
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.urls import reverse
from django.views import generic

from .models import Choice, Question


class IndexView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = "[app_name]/index.html"
    context_object_name = "latest_question_list"

    def get_queryset(self):
        """Return the last five published questions."""
        return Question.objects.order_by("-pub_date")[:5]


class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = "[app_name]/detail.html"


class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = "[app_name]/results.html"

3.模型类（帮助理解URLconf和view）

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import datetime

from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone

# Create your models here.
class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField("date published")

    def __str__(self):
        return self.question_text

    def was_published_recently(self):
        return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)


class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.choice_text

4.模板（帮助理解URLconf和view）

模板1：index.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    {% if latest_question_list %}
        <ul>
        {% for question in latest_question_list %}
            <li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
        {% endfor %}
        </ul>
    {% else %}
        <p>No polls are available.</p>
    {% endif %}
</body>
</html>

模板2：detail.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
<ul>
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<fieldset>
    <legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend>
    {% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
        <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
        <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br>
    {% endfor %}
</fieldset>
<input type="submit" value="Vote">
</form>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

模板3：results.html

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
    <ul>
        {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
            <li>{{ choice.choice_test }} -- {{choice.votes}} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
        {% endfor %}
    </ul>
</body>
</html>